- Quantitative Research
Punch (1988:4) defines quantitative
research is empirical research where the data in the form of something that can
be calculated. According punch quantitative research attention on the
collection and analysis of data in numerical form.
Creswell (1944:1-2) quantitative
research is an investigation of the social problem based on testing a theory
composed of variables, measured with numbers and analyzed with statistical
procedures to determine whether the predictive generalization theory is
correct.
From the definition put forward by the
experts, it can be concluded that quantitative research is research to prove
the theory / truth, establish facts, showing the relationship between
variables, giving a statistical description, estimate and predict the results
of a systematic study procedures, in the form of numerical data and analyzed
with procedures statistics.
Characteristic of Quantitative Research
Quantitative
research has a special
characteristic from
some aspects:
1.
Design:
a. specific, clear, detailed
b.
determined steadily since its inception
c.
to handle it step
by step
2.
Purpose:
a.
shows the relationship between variables
b.
test the theory
c.
search for generalizations that have predictive value
3.
Data
collection techniques:
questionnaires, observations and structured interviews.
4.
Research
instruments: tests, questionnaires, structured interviews and
instruments that have been standardized.
5.
Data:
quantitative (numbers), the measurement
variables operated using instrument.
6.
Sample:
large, representative, random,
and wherever possible has been
determined from the beginning.
7.
Analysis:
conducted after the completion of data collection, deductive and uses statistics
to test hypotheses.
8.
Relationship
with the respondent made no contact is
often so objective,
research position higher than the respondent.
9.
Confidence
in the results of the study by testing
the validity and reliability of the instrument.
Types of Quantitative Researche
In
conducting the study, researchers can use the methods and design (design) by
considering the specific research objectives and the nature of the problem at
hand. According fraenkell, J.R. and Wallen, N.E. explained that quantitative
research can be distinguished based research methods, which include:
1.
Experimental Research
This
type of research is often used to study the exact sciences (natural sciences)
or so-called experimental research. This study uses some of the group given a
specific treatment or an appropriate stimulus with less research purposes.
2.
Survey Research
Survey
research is research that is used to solve the problems of large-scale issues
with the actual population is so large that it required very large sample
sizes. Retrieval of data using questionnaires or questionnaires as the main
data source. In survey research, respondents were asked to give a short answer
is written in the questionnaire or the questionnaire and then answer all
respondents were processed using specific quantitative analysis techniques.
3.
Correlation Studies
Research
is used to find whether there is any possibility of a relationship between two
or more independent variables with the dependent variable. The purpose of
correlational research is to detect the extent of variations in the factors
associated with variations in one or more other factors based on the
correlation coefficient.
4.
Causal Comparative
Research
This
study aimed to investigate the possibility of a causal relationship that is
based on the observation of the effect of existing and looking back may be a
factor that causes through specific data.
5.
Descriptive
Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to test hypotheses
or answer questions concerning the current status of the subjects of the
study. It determines and reports the way things are.
Implementation
of quantitative research based on procedures that have been planned before.
There are quantitative research procedure consisted of the stages following
activities.
1.
Identification of problems
Formulation
of the problem, which is a question of empirical objects clearly demarcated and
identified the factors related thereto.
2.
The purpose of research
Quantitative
research aims to test the theory, establish the facts, show the relationship
between variables, giving a statistical description, estimate and predict the
outcome.
3.
Study of theory
grounded
theory study on the so-called structural functionalism, realism, positivism,
behaviorism and empiricism which essentially emphasizes on things that are
concrete, empirical testing and real facts.
4.
Development of the conceptual framework
Preparation
of the framework in the preparation of the hypothesis that an argument that
might explain the relationship between the various factors that are tangled and
form a constellation of problems. Framework is organized rationally based on
scientific premises that have been verified by empirical attention to the
factors that are relevant to the problem.
5.
Identification and definition of variables
According
to Kerlinger (1973) is a construct or trait variable to be studied. Variables
can be regarded as a trait that is taken from a different values (different
values). As such, it is a variable that varies.
Types of Quantitative Researche
In
conducting the study, researchers can use the methods and design (design) by
considering the specific research objectives and the nature of the problem at
hand. According fraenkell, J.R. and Wallen, N.E. explained that quantitative
research can be distinguished based research methods, which include:
1.
Experimental Research
This
type of research is often used to study the exact sciences (natural sciences)
or so-called experimental research. This study uses some of the group given a
specific treatment or an appropriate stimulus with less research purposes.
2.
Survey Research
Survey
research is research that is used to solve the problems of large-scale issues
with the actual population is so large that it required very large sample
sizes. Retrieval of data using questionnaires or questionnaires as the main
data source. In survey research, respondents were asked to give a short answer
is written in the questionnaire or the questionnaire and then answer all
respondents were processed using specific quantitative analysis techniques.
3.
Correlation Studies
Research
is used to find whether there is any possibility of a relationship between two
or more independent variables with the dependent variable. The purpose of
correlational research is to detect the extent of variations in the factors
associated with variations in one or more other factors based on the
correlation coefficient.
4.
Causal Comparative
Research
This
study aimed to investigate the possibility of a causal relationship that is
based on the observation of the effect of existing and looking back may be a
factor that causes through specific data.
5.
Descriptive
Descriptive research involves collecting data in order to test hypotheses
or answer questions concerning the current status of the subjects of the
study. It determines and reports the way things are.
Implementation
of quantitative research based on procedures that have been planned before.
There are quantitative research procedure consisted of the stages following
activities.
1.
Identification of problems
Formulation
of the problem, which is a question of empirical objects clearly demarcated and
identified the factors related thereto.
2.
The purpose of research
Quantitative
research aims to test the theory, establish the facts, show the relationship
between variables, giving a statistical description, estimate and predict the
outcome.
3.
Study of theory
grounded
theory study on the so-called structural functionalism, realism, positivism,
behaviorism and empiricism which essentially emphasizes on things that are
concrete, empirical testing and real facts.
4.
Development of the conceptual framework
Preparation
of the framework in the preparation of the hypothesis that an argument that
might explain the relationship between the various factors that are tangled and
form a constellation of problems. Framework is organized rationally based on
scientific premises that have been verified by empirical attention to the
factors that are relevant to the problem.
5.
Identification and definition of variables
According
to Kerlinger (1973) is a construct or trait variable to be studied. Variables
can be regarded as a trait that is taken from a different values (different
values). As such, it is a variable that varies.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quantitative Research
Advantages
- The advantage is that when the research data is collated because its simply based on numbers it’s a lot easier to collate and place together into a form of chart. Also when it comes to placing it into graphs and charts it’s a lot easier to read, because if it’s placed into a pie chart it’s exceedingly simple to read.
- Quantitative research allows the researcher to measure and analyze data. The relationship between an independent and dependent variable is studied in detail. This is advantageous because the researcher is more objective about the findings of the research. Quantitative research can be used to test hypotheses in experiments because of its ability to measure data using statistics.
- However with advantages always come disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is that because it’s all based on figures, it’s not always up to date. It’s usually in constant need of updating because numbers change.
- The main disadvantage of quantitative research is the context of the study or experiment is ignored. Quantitative research does not study things in a natural setting or discuss the meaning things have for different people as qualitative research does. Another disadvantage is that a large sample of the population must be studied; the larger the sample of people researched, the more statistically accurate the results will be.
2. Qualitative Research
Just like all research, qualitative research
is a type of research that seeks answers to a question; is systematically
conducted and involves the collection of evidence. However, the uniqueness of
qualitative research is that you may produce findings that were not determined
in advance and also the findings may be applicable beyond the immediate
boundaries of the study. It is especially effective if you want to obtain
culturally specific information about the subjects involved; i.e. the values,
behaviours, and opinions of a particular population. However, the term qualitative
research is a general definition that includes many different methods used in understanding
and explaining social phenomena. The following are some definitions by
prominent scholars in the field:
- According to Denzin and Lincoln (1994), qualitative research focuses on interpretation of phenomena in their natural settings to make sense in terms of the meanings people bring to these settings. Qualitative research involves collecting information about personal experiences, introspection, life story, interviews, observations, historical, interactions and visual text which are significant moments and meaningful in peoples' lives.
- Patton (2002) defined qualitative research as attempting to understand the unique interactions in a particular situation. The purpose of understanding is not necessarily to predict what might occur, but rather to understand in depth the characteristics of the situation and the meaning brought by participants and what is happening to them at the moment. The aim of qualitative research is to truthfully present findings to others who are interested in what you are doing.
- According to Pope and Mays (1995), qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings in an effort to discover the meanings seen by those who are being researched (or subjects) rather than that of the researcher.
- Qualitative research seeks to provide understanding of human experience, perceptions, motivations, intentions, and behaviours based on description and observation and utilizing a naturalistic interpretative approach to a subject and its contextual setting (Encyclopedia.com 2009).
- Qualitative research is a process of naturalistic inquiry that seeks in-depth understanding of social phenomena within their natural setting. It focuses on the "why" rather than the "what" of social phenomena and relies on the direct experiences of human beings as meaning-making agents in their every day lives (University of Utah, College of Health, 2009).
- Merriam (1999) characterises qualitative research as understanding the meaning people have constructed in which the researcher is the primary instrument for data collection and analysis. It usually involves fieldwork as primarily employing an inductive research strategy focussing on process, meaning and understanding resulting in a richly descriptive product.
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