A. TOURISM IN GENERAL
Over the decades, tourism has experienced continued growth and
deepening diversification to become one of the fastest growing economic
sectors in the world. Modern tourism is closely linked to development and encompasses
a growing number of new destinations. These dynamics have turned tourism into
a key driver for socio-economic progress.
Today, the business volume of tourism equals or even surpasses that
of oil exports, food products or automobiles. Tourism has become one of the
major players in international commerce, and represents at the same time one
of the main income sources for many developing countries. This growth goes
hand in hand with an increasing diversification and competition among destinations.
This global spread of tourism in industrialised and developed states
has produced economic and employment benefits in many related sectors - from
construction to agriculture or telecommunications.
The contribution of tourism to economic well-being depends on the
quality and the revenues of the tourism offer. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
assists destinations in their sustainable positioning in ever more complex
national and international markets. As the UN agency dedicated to tourism,
UNWTO points out that particularly developing countries stand to benefit from
sustainable tourism and acts to help make this a reality. Tourism is a diverse
industry, compromising travel and a broad range of activities that provide
services for tourists.
On the demand side, tourism comprises travel and visitation by people
and overseas visitors. This visitation can be for leisure, business, employment
or education. On the supply side, tourism comprises all of the inter-related
activities that are required to produce goods and services for consumption by
tourists. This includes transport, accommodation, education, retailing,
cultural and recreational services.
B. TOURISM IN INDONESIA
Tourism in Indonesia is an important
component of the Indonesian economy as well as a
significant source of its foreign exchange revenues. The vast
country of sprawling archipelago has much to offer; from natural beauty,
historical heritage to cultural diversity.
In 2011, the number of international tourists arriving in Indonesia
climbed 9.24 percent to 7.65 million arrivals from about 7 million in 2010.
Length of stay set at 7.84 days by an average spend of US$1,118.26 per visit.
In late January 2011 Culture and Tourism Minister Jero Wacik
announced that "Wonderful Indonesia" would replace the
previous “Visit Indonesia Year” branding used by the nations official
tourism promotional campaigns, although the logo of stylized curves Garuda
remain. The minister announced that in 2010, foreign tourists visiting
Indonesia touched 7 million and made predictions of 7.7 million in 2011. He was
reported as describing the new branding as reflecting "the country’s
beautiful nature, unique culture, varied food, hospitable people and price competitiveness.
“We expect each tourist will spend around US$1,100 and with an optimistic
target of 7.7 million arrivals, we will get $8.3 billion,” from this. The
Culture and Tourism Minister added that 50 percent of the revenue would be
generated from about 600 meetings, conventions and exhibitions that were
expected to take place in various places throughout the country 2011. He
further added in the announcements of January 2011 that his ministry would be
promoting the country’s attractions under the eco-cultural banner.
Both nature and culture are major components of Indonesian tourism.
The natural heritage can boast a unique combination of a tropical climate, a
vast archipelago
of 17,508 islands, 6,000 of them being inhabited, the third longest shoreline
in the world (54,716 km) after Canada and the European Union. It is the
worlds largest and most populous country situated only on islands. The beaches
in Bali,
diving sites in Bunaken,
Mount Rinjani
in Lombok
and various national parks in Sumatra are just a few examples of popular scenic destinations.
These natural attractions are complemented by a rich cultural heritage that
reflects Indonesia's dynamic history and ethnic diversity. One fact that
exemplifies this richness is that 719 living languages are used across the
archipelago.The ancient Prambanan and Borobudur temples, Toraja, Yogyakarta,
Minangkabau, and of course Bali, with its many Hindu
festivities, are some of the popular destinations for cultural tourism.
Tourism in Indonesia is currently overseen by the Ministry of Culture
and Tourism. International tourism campaigns have been focusing largely on its
tropical destinations with white sand beaches, blue sky, and cultural
attractions. Beach resorts and hotels have been developed in some popular
tourist destinations, especially Bali island as the primary destination. At the
same time, the integration of cultural affairs and tourism under the scope of
the same ministry shows that cultural tourism is considered an integral part of
Indonesia's tourism industry, and conversely, that tourism is used to promote
and preserve the cultural heritage.
Some of the challenges Indonesia's tourism industry has to face
include the development of infrastructure to support tourism across the
sprawling archipelago, incursions of the industry into local traditions (adat), and the impact of
tourism development on the life of local people. In 2010, based on World Economic Forum survey, Indonesia got
Tourism Competitiveness Index at number 74 (up from number 81) from 139
countries. The tourism industry in Indonesia has also faced setbacks due to
problems related to security. Since 2002, warnings have been issued by some
countries over terrorist threats and ethnic as well as religious conflicts in
some areas, significantly reducing the number of foreign visitors for a few
years. However, the number of international tourists has bounced back
positively since 2007, and reached a new record in 2008.
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